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In the early 1980’s researchers began to conduct gas geochemistry surveys of the area showing that the system was relatively stable in both gas chemistry (e.g. 98% CO2, 1.7% H2S plus other trace gases) and flux rates (7-9 x 106 l/d). On November 2 and 3, 2002, a gas outburst event increased the total gas flow rate by about 2 orders of magnitude (4 x 108 l/d), with large volumes of gas reaching the water surface. Flux rates began to decrease towards pre-outburst conditions about 3 months after the event. The majority of fluid release points are gas only, although various points also release water of different origin, ranging from geothermal to seawater endmembers that are mixed to variable degrees. Based on the range of depths and relatively high and persistent gas flow rates, the occurrence of both gas only and gas-water seepage, and its close proximity to shore, Panarea represents an exceptional location to study natural processes and impacts related to shallow seabed CO2 leakage. This site has been studied in the framework of several European projects with an integrated physical chemical, biological approach for a more complete (and realistic) understanding of the possible consequences of a leak from a CO2 storage site into the overlying water column.

OGS is the responsible of this infrastructure and in collaboration with other research institutes and universities (such as the University of Rome, La Sapienza), manages the permanent laboratory, making available the longterm series of multidisciplinary data collected at Panarea and offering logistical and scientific support to the researchers utilising the site. The on land installation (Fig.2) is close to the loading wharf and contains about 90 mq of laboratory space, which are fitted out for general-purpose and dedicated use, and several outside open spaces that can accommodate a variety of shifting needs and equipment. Scientists also have access to a well-equipped computer and electronics lab. The on land installation will also be equipped to maintain, calibrate and real time connect the permanent sensor network, which will be installed in correspondence of the natural CO2 leakages.